Citizenship by Descent (Proclamation No. 378/2003)

Ethiopian citizenship by descent is based on the legal principle of jus sanguinis (right of blood). Under the Ethiopian Nationality Proclamation No. 378/2003, you are considered an Ethiopian national by birthright if you have at least one Ethiopian parent, regardless of where in the world you were born.

It is critical to distinguish between Citizenship and the Ethiopian Origin ID Card (commonly known as the Yellow Card). Because Ethiopia strictly prohibits dual nationality, acquiring or reclaiming Ethiopian citizenship requires you to legally renouncing any other citizenship you hold. Most members of the diaspora who wish to maintain their foreign passports opt for the Yellow Card instead, which provides many of the same benefits without requiring the loss of their current nationality.

Due to the prohibition on dual citizenship, the Ethiopian Origin ID Card is the primary pathway for the diaspora. This card is available to foreign nationals of Ethiopian descent (and their foreign spouses). It allows you to enjoy most rights of a citizen while keeping your foreign passport. If your goal is to live and work in Ethiopia without a visa but you do not want to give up your current nationality, you should pursue the Yellow Card rather than full citizenship.

Full citizenship grants you the highest level of legal standing in the country, though it comes at the cost of your other nationalities.

• Unrestricted Residence: The right to live and remain in Ethiopia indefinitely without any visa or residency permit requirements.
• Full Labor Rights: The right to work in any sector, including government positions and high-security roles that are closed to foreign nationals and Yellow Card holders.
• Property Ownership: The absolute right to own land and immovable property. In Ethiopia, land is technically owned by the state, but citizens have unique long-term lease and usage rights that are restricted for foreigners.
• Consular Protection: The right to carry an Ethiopian passport and receive protection from Ethiopian embassies and consulates while traveling abroad.
• Political Participation: The exclusive right to vote in national and local elections and to run for public office.
• Passing Status: The right to pass Ethiopian citizenship to your children, provided they do not acquire another nationality.